作者:咖啡生活網 來源:咖啡豆: 咖啡知識 > 2025-04-22 11:52:43
一杯接近完美的Espresso得來不易,要做出這麼一杯Espresso必須要結合衝煮技術以及衝煮時間,小心地控制這些變量,此外還要有一些天賦的鑑賞能力﹝注1﹞,才能檢驗自己煮出的Espresso是否有煮好。如果這些你都可以得心應手,那麼依這個個程序做出的Espresso將是一種無法言喻的特級飲品;不過如果做得差,那麼做出來的充其量是一杯滿是苦味的黑色泥巴水。很不幸地,在美國大多數的咖啡館中,也是挺難喝到一杯真正好的Espresso,通常有些衝煮上小細節,沒確實做到的話,煮出來的效果就會差別非常大。因此在這裏提出這些衝煮前應注意的小細節,供各位參考,並期許各位咖啡館店家以做出”聖盃”爲目標,而不是隻以”沒煮壞”爲目標。
注1:譯者說明關於「天賦的鑑賞能力」一詞,其實並非絕對靠「天賦」,也可靠後天味覺訓練而增強鑑賞能力,詳見「品嚐」區之”味覺開發的方法”譯文。
1. 在配方中使用市面上品質最好的咖啡豆:要煮出一杯好的Espresso,第一前提就是豆子不能差,否則任你衝煮技術已達化境,煮出來的就是不會好到哪去。要做到這一點其實不難,你只要購得品質最好的咖啡生豆,並對它做妥善的烘焙。若不會烘焙,可以找個有口碑的豆商、烘焙商配合,並不要吝惜購買高品質咖啡豆的錢,因爲這些咖啡豆能帶給你的配方獨特感。雖然要做出一杯好的Espresso還有許多其它因素要考量,但正本清源,最終還是以生豆品質以及熟豆新鮮度爲依歸。﹝注2﹞
注2:譯者摘要說明,「生豆品質」、「熟豆新鮮度」以及「烘焙技術」,決定了這一杯咖啡將領你上天堂,或是導你入地獄……
2. 隨時注意清潔磨豆機豆槽:再好的咖啡豆,放進不乾淨、滿是臭油味的豆槽中,都會被那股臭油味糟踏掉。清潔豆槽是一件不可偷懶的事,至少一星期就要完全清潔一次。可使用不含香精成分的溫和性清潔劑清理,並以幹紙巾擦拭乾淨。另外,我看過許多吧檯人員都使用豆槽上的蓋子來刮粉,這是不太好的做法,建議使用分量器那邊較小的蓋子就好了。如果使用豆槽蓋,容易沾附咖啡粉,久了以後新鮮的豆子就會或多或少沾上一些這種陳年舊粉,不但影響風味,也會縮短磨盤壽命。﹝注3﹞
注3:譯者認爲更好的做法就是另外找一根塑料尺狀的來做這個動作,這樣就比較沒有影響磨豆機及咖啡粉的疑慮,目前已知ice是使用這種方式來撥粉。
3. 隨時將濾器扣在衝煮頭上:客戶至上守則一,當有人點了一杯Espresso,除了先拿給他一瓶瓶裝水,吧檯人員不應該急急忙忙地翻找濾器,因此在沒有使用的情況下,也必須將濾器扣在衝煮頭上,一來還能預熱,減低溫差造成的影響。﹝注4﹞
注4:關於濾器預熱的觀念有待商榷,臺灣玩家在這方面有更詳細的研究,由於咖啡粉內的芳香成份多屬易揮發性質,若事先將濾器預熱,則在填壓時就會造成芳香物質大量流失,對於Espresso而言是非常大的傷害。此點的論證可以請各位自己試試看。
4. 使用大小適中的杯具:想象一下將總量不過1盎司的Espresso裝在12盎司大的紙杯是什麼樣的情景?建議使用4盎司大的紙杯,或是2-3盎司大的小杯來盛裝Espresso。
5. 預熱杯具:可以使用熱水噴頭的熱水來預熱你的杯子,但請記得在使用前把水倒乾淨。如果你怕衝出來的Espresso滿溢出杯具,可以先以盎司量杯來量測咖啡的量。衝煮時Espresso湯汁應是直接緩和而平順地流入杯中的,如有噴濺情形,就是你的衝煮程序出了問題。﹝注5﹞
注5:關於避免衝煮時產生噴濺,有許多原因,舉凡研磨刻度不當、填壓力道不平均、熟豆新鮮度、熟豆烘焙天數等等都有影響,若要深入討論,請到在討論區中搜循相關主題,或另起討論串探討之。
6. 留意研磨刻度:研磨這個部分大概是衝煮Espresso程序中最難搞定的一步了,細一點或粗一點,都會嚴重影響咖啡粉的萃取,因此吧檯人員必須非常清楚調校研磨刻度的時機以及意義。衝煮一份Single Espresso最基本的時間要控制在20-30秒之間﹝筆者自己的嘗試是認爲25秒衝出1盎司左右是最好的表現﹞。衝煮一份Single Espresso時,粉量要適中﹝約7-9公克﹞,並施以30-50磅左右的填壓力道。﹝注6﹞
注6:關於衝煮秒數與粉量、Espresso劑量問題,筆者所述乃使用當地或自家烘焙之配方之適當衝煮條件,實際上衝煮Espresso時,最佳的秒數、Espresso劑量,隨配方及烘焙度不同而有所不同。又是一個必須用心、自己動手實驗的大課題。
7. 使用足夠的粉量來衝煮:不要放太少的粉,這樣不但會使得Espresso的質感變稀,較少量的粉也會造成阻力不足的問題,容易被幫浦水壓衝破。而過量的咖啡粉,則會造成膨脹過度,也形成了一種浪費。
8. 穩定你的填壓力道:不穩定的填壓會導致萃取不足或是過度萃取的問題﹝注7﹞,勤加練習填壓力道,使能控制在30-50磅左右,如果你無法確定那樣的力道到底是多重,建議可以買一個磅秤來量,填壓時在磅秤上進行,確定力道之後,必須時常練習填壓。不管什麼因素,千萬不要使用磨豆機內附的填壓設備,因爲再怎麼樣這種設備也弄不出30磅左右的力道來填壓的。
注7:「過度萃取」的實驗請搜尋相關主題,先前Yuing有做過這樣的實驗,是一項有爭議的話題,但很值得研究探討這個現象。
9. 選用品質良好的填壓器:許多吧檯人員習慣以填壓器敲一敲濾器,但若使用的填壓器材質不好,久了就容易產生缺口或凹痕,這對於填壓的密實度、平整度有着極大的影響。好的填壓器應是材質堅固耐用,抓握起來很舒適,且大小必須符合濾器規格的。
10. 清乾淨濾器上的殘粉:通常客人們在喝完一杯Espresso之後,對那杯Espresso最後的一個印象就是杯底。如果杯底最後有殘留粉渣,客人印象總是不太好。因此請切記在每次衝煮完一杯Espresso之後,將濾器周圍以及底部都清潔乾淨,如果這些步驟都有確實做到,但仍然有粉渣的情形,這時就該替換新的濾器。由於濾器每天都在承受衝煮時的壓力推擠,久而久之濾器上的小都會或多或少被擴大一些,這時就算你的研磨刻度是很準確的,咖啡粉渣一樣會穿透過這些小孔,進到客人的杯裏。提供一個簡易的檢驗方式:將一個全新的濾器以及舊的濾起拿在一起,透過檯燈燈光來檢視兩者孔目的大小差異。
11. 沖洗乾淨濾器:擔心舊的咖啡殘留物影響到Espresso的味道嗎?那就多一個清洗濾器的步驟吧,建議使用熱水噴頭來沖洗過你的濾器,可以將大部分的殘留物沖掉。這對於客人們來說也算是一種非常貼心的服務。我很自豪地說:以我們一天1800-2000客流量規模,我們真的在每一次衝煮都很確實地做到了!
12. 濃縮之美:說到Espresso,大概許多人都會誤認爲量越多越好,事實上不然。我見過許多吧檯人員拿着大大的4盎司杯子﹝有時是更大的杯子﹞盛接Espresso,裝到杯子滿了才停止萃取。正確的萃取量應介於1-1.25盎司之間。此外,若非要做Double或是Ristretto,請都使用盎司量杯來測量正確的萃取量。切記一點:對於濃縮咖啡而言,萃取出的量越少,嚐到的就越多。
13. 一定要先嚐過你煮的Espresso:在開始營業之前,每天你都必須要嘗過自己的Espresso,對於衝煮變量的調校才能更準確。你必須知道這杯Espresso中是否有着該有的口感、氣味、外觀、Crema厚度以及Crema的顏色。這些條件如果都達到了,那麼你纔對得起Espresso這個名字,也才能端出去給客人喝。
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2014-07-18 16:03:31 責任編輯:咖啡生活網
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content | '<p> 1 範圍 本部分規定了小粒種咖啡園園地選擇、規劃、開墾、種子、種苗、種植、土壤管理、咖啡樹管理的技術方法。</p> <p> 本部分適用於小粒種咖啡栽培。</p> <p> 2 規範性引用文件 下列文件中的條款通過本部分的引用而成爲本部分的條款。凡是注日期的引用文件,其隨後所有的修改單(不包括勘誤的內容)或修訂版均不適用於本部分,然而,鼓勵根據本標準達成協議的各方研究是否可使用這些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本適用於本部分。</p> <p> GB/T 18007—1999 咖啡及其製品 朮語</p> <p> GB/T 3543—1995 農作物種子檢驗規程</p> <p> GB 4284—1984 農用污泥中污染物控制標準</p> <p> GB 4285—1989 農藥安全使用標準</p> <p> GB 8172—1987 城鎮垃圾農用控制標準</p> <p> GB/T 8321 農藥合理使用準則</p> <p> NY 5023—2002 無公害食品 熱帶水果產地壞境條件</p> <p> NY/T 358—1999 咖啡 種子</p> <p> NY/T 359—1999 咖啡 種苗</p> <p> NY/T 393—2000 綠色食品 農藥使用準則</p> <p> NY/T 394—2000 綠色食品 肥料使用準則</p> <p> 3 園地選擇 3.1 氣候條件 年平均氣溫18℃~23℃,≥10℃年活動積溫≥6800℃,最低月平均氣溫≥11.5℃,極端最低氣溫>0℃,基本無霜;年平均降水量1000㎜~1800㎜,年平均相對溼度>70%,乾燥度<1.5;降水量<1000㎜,花期與幼果期乾旱地區,應選擇具有水源灌溉的土地。靜風壞境,年平均風速<1.5m/S。 3.2 地貌條件 宜選擇海拔700m~1300m的低山、丘陵、平緩臺地;不選冷空氣排泄不暢且易於沉積的低地、低臺地、冷湖地、狹谷、溝箐和冰雹帶。冬季氣溫較高(月均溫>13℃,極端最低溫>1℃)地區可選用陽坡、半陽坡、半陰坡;冬季氣溫較低(月均溫<13℃,極端最低溫<1℃)地區宜選陽坡;冬季以強平流型爲主降溫區宜選背風坡,選用坡度25度以下地段;輻射型低溫區選用中、上坡位;平流型低溫區宜選中、下坡位。 3.3 土壤條件 宜選赤紅壤、磚紅壤;PH值5.5~6.5;土層厚度0.8 m以上,地下水位1m以下,排水良好;土壤疏鬆肥沃,壤土或沙壤土,有機質含量1%以上。 3.4 環境條件 園地環境條件應符合NY 5023 無公害食品 熱帶水果產地壞境條件的規定。</p> <p> 4 園地規劃 4.1 道路規劃 4.1.1 園地主幹道</p> <p> 脫皮加工廠(場部)至居民點、咖啡園主要道路,路基寬一般3m~4m,路面寬3m,縱坡<8%,彎道半徑>15m。</p> <p> 4.1.2 園地人行道</p> <p> 按管理崗位、灌溉需要,因地制宜設置園中步行道路,山丘坡地梯地間設置“之”字路,路面寬1m左右。 4.2 排灌系統規劃 DB53/T 154.2—2006 4.2.1 園地排灌渠系佈局 斗渠一般沿較小的分水嶺或等高線佈置,農渠一般垂直於等高線或等高梯地佈設,毛渠爲園地直接灌溉渠道,其間距與梯地帶距相同,沿種植帶佈局;排水溝沿山坡凹箐佈置。</p> <p> 4.2.2 園地灌溉類型</p> <p> 緩坡地、平臺地,水源充裕的採用溝渠引水溝灌;水源欠豐的採用滴灌系統;水源缺乏或不穩定地區,在園內適當位置建造若干水窖、水肥池,以便噴肥、打藥用水。 4.3 防護林規劃 4.3.1 在山脊、山頂、溝箐、風口等地段和常風較大地區,要保留或營造防護林帶;強風暴危害區,必須設置防護林網絡。</p> <p> 4.3.2 水土流失嚴重地段設置水土保持林。水源林應嚴加保護,禁止砍伐與墾殖。</p> <p> 4.3.3 防護林宜選適應性強、速生、非咖啡病蟲害寄主的樹種。</p> <p> 4.4 加工廠及居民點規劃 4.4.1 加工廠</p> <p> 應根據環境條件和生產管理需要而定。在建設連片咖啡園時,加工廠及基地管理中心(場部)儘可能建在園地中心,500畝以上咖啡園應考慮建加工廠、水池、曬場、倉庫,配置電動果實脫皮機、運輸工具等。</p> <p> 4.4.2 居民點</p> <p> 根據園地管理需要,居民點應分片集中建設,各點應儘可能建在所管園地的中心。</p> <p> 5 園地開墾 5.1 清園 雨季結束後至次年2月,清除園內高草灌叢,以利開溝築臺。保留防護林、水源林,選留園中速生、抗性強、適應性廣、非咖啡病蟲害寄主的散生獨立樹作廕庇樹。 5.2 修築水平梯地 5度以下平緩園地採用“十字”定標;5度以上坡地修築等高梯地,梯地面寬1.8m~2.0m,梯地內傾3~5度。 5.3挖定植溝、留表土 5.3.1 挖溝時間及規格</p> <p> 定植溝口寬60㎝,深50㎝,底寬40㎝。開溝作業應於雨季前結束。</p> <p> 5.3.2 回表土、施基肥</p> <p> 一般每株施農家肥5~10㎏,P2O518~36g。於雨季來臨前,將有機肥、磷肥與表土拌勻回填定植溝內,回填後溝面應高於檯面15㎝以上。</p> <p> DB53/T 154.2—2006 5.4 種植密度 5.4.1 依據品種特徵特性和地貌條件合理密植。</p> <p> 5.4.2 平地或5度以下緩坡地,一般株行距0.8×2m,畝植416株。 5.4.3 5~25度坡地,一般株距0.8~1m,畝植333~463株。 5.4.4 山頭及樑子地段應適當密植。</p> <p> 6 種植 6.1 種子 6.1.1 種子質量指標</p> <p> 6.1.1.1 品種純度 品種在特徵、特性方面典型一致的程度,用本品種的種子數佔供檢樣品種子數的百分率表示。</p> <p> 6.1.1.2 種子發芽率 在規定的條件和時間內長成的正常幼苗數佔供檢種子數的百分率。</p> <p> 6.1.1.3 種子含水量 按規定程序把種子樣品烘乾所失去的重量,用失去的重量佔供檢樣品原始重的百分率表示。</p> <p> 6.1.1.4 種子完整度 完好無損的種子佔供檢樣品種子數的百分率。</p> <p> 6.1.1.5 種子飽滿度 種子飽滿程度,用始溫45℃水浸18h後完全下沉種子數佔供檢樣品種子數百分率表示。</p> <p> 6.1.1.6 種子保存期 種子用常規方法保存的天數。</p> <p> 種子質量指標應符合下表要求: 表1 咖啡種子質量指標</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 項 目</p> </td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 指 標</p> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> <span style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; FONT-SIZE: large; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"><span style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312"> </span></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> 品種純度, %, ≥</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 95</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> 種子發芽率, %, ≥</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 95</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> 種子含水量, %</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 13~15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> 種子完整度, %</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 100</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> 種子飽滿度, %, ≥</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 95</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="331"> <br /> 種子保存期, d, ≤</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="282"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 100</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> 6.1.2 制種技術 6.1.2.1 種子必須採成熟鮮果由人工直接脫皮洗淨。</p> <p> 6.1.2.2 種子只能通過自然通風晾乾,不能曝曬。</p> <p> 6.1.3 種子質量檢驗</p> <p> 6.1.3.1 檢驗方法與規則 按GB/T 3543 農作物種子檢驗規程實施。</p> <p> 6.1.3.2 檢驗證書 見附錄A(規範性附錄)。</p> <p> 6.1.3.3 標籤</p> <p> 標籤用150克的牛皮紙爲材,標籤孔用金屬包邊;標籤正面印所有項目,反面爲空白;用不褪色記號筆填寫標籤內容。見附錄B(規範性附錄)。</p> <p> 6.1.4 貯存、包裝和運輸 6.1.4.1 貯存</p> <p> 咖啡種子必須貯存在乾燥通風的室內,而且要定期檢查通風設施以及種子是否發黴。</p> <p> 6.1.4.2 包裝</p> <p> 咖啡種子必須用透氣的麻袋、布袋包裝,內外要附有種子標籤。</p> <p> D53/T 154.2—2006</p> <p> 6.1.4.3 運輸</p> <p> 做好防曬、防雨、防丟失、防損壞等工作,到達目的地後要及時接收保管,儘快播種。</p> <p> 6.2 種苗 6.2.1 育苗技術</p> <p> 6.2.1.1 苗圃地選擇</p> <p> 選擇地勢開闊,光照適度,靜風,排水良好,交通方便,靠近水源和定植園地的平地或緩坡地。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2 沙牀催芽</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.1 催芽時間</p> <p> 依據當地果實盛熟期和用苗時期而定。當年育苗當年定植,在12~1月催芽爲宜。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.2 播種量</p> <p> 小粒種咖啡種子每公斤3400~4000粒,每平方米沙牀播種0.5~0.7公斤種子爲宜。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.3 催芽牀規格</p> <p> 長10m或視地形而定,寬1m,高12㎝,牀間距40㎝。築墒牀,鋪10㎝厚的乾淨中粒河沙。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.4 種子處理</p> <p> 播種前將種子用清潔冷水浸24小時,或始溫40~45℃的熱水浸18小時。浸種時可加溶液濃度爲0.3%的硼砂。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.5 消毒</p> <p> 種子浸泡後,用1%硫酸銅溶液浸泡5分鐘。並對砂牀和蓋草用1%硫酸銅進行噴撒消毒。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.6 播種</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.6.1 將處理過的種子均勻播於沙牀,壓平後蓋細沙,厚度以不見種子爲限,再蓋厚約3㎝的草,並用噴桶淋透水後蓋上薄膜。以後1~2天淋水1次,以保持砂牀溼潤爲度。</p> <p> 6.2.1.2.6.2 搭蔭棚</p> <p> 幼苗有10%左右出沙面時,揭除蓋草,拱起薄膜,搭高1.8~2.0m、廕庇度爲80%的大蔭棚。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3 營養袋育苗</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.1 營養袋規格</p> <p> 當年育苗當年定植(見附錄C),採用15×20㎝塑料袋;預留補換植苗木,可採用25×30㎝的塑料袋。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.2 營養土配製</p> <p> 疏鬆肥土、腐熟有機肥、磷肥,按70:27:3的比例混勻。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.3 搭蔭棚</p> <p> 棚高1.8~2.0m,棚頂採用遮陰網、毛草或非咖啡病蟲害寄主的雜草,可分區或整個苗圃連片搭成。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.4 移苗</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.4.1 移苗時期</p> <p> 當幼苗子葉種殼脫落至子葉平展皆可移苗。於睛天的早、晚和陰天進行。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.4.2 起苗</p> <p> 將砂牀淋透水後再行起苗,並用潮砂進行保溼,及時栽苗。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.4.3 移苗方法</p> <p> 在栽苗的1天前將營養袋中的土壤淋透。將幼苗主根切去五分之一,栽於袋中央,深至根莖交界處,切忌彎根,然後將土輕輕回填壓實,切莫掉根,並淋足定根水。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.5 苗圃管理</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.5.1 補苗</p> <p> 苗移栽後15天內及時補齊缺株,要求達到苗全、苗齊。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.5.2 淋水</p> <p> 移後每天一次或以保持土壤溼潤爲宜。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.5.3 除草、鬆土、排水</p> <p> 幼苗長出一對真葉後可進行淺鬆土,鬆土深度2~3㎝,鬆土次數據檯面土壤板結情況而定。注意</p> <p> 苗圃排水工作。</p> <p> DB53/T 154.2—2006 6.2.1.3.5.4 施肥</p> <p> 幼苗長出1對真葉後施水肥,用1:5腐熟人糞尿兌清水或綠肥漚成的肥水,或1%濃度的尿素水噴施。以後每個月追肥一次。出圃前施3~5克/株複合肥,並打一次藥。</p> <p> 6.2.1.3.5.5 調節廕庇度</p> <p> 幼苗初期蔭棚廕庇度爲80%,2對真葉期廕庇度60%,至3對真葉期廕庇度≤40%。到4對真葉時,在陰天或小雨天全部揭開蔭棚。</p> <p> 6.2.2 種苗質量指標</p> <p> 6.2.2.1 品種純度 種苗在特徵、特性方面典型一致的程度,用該種苗數佔供檢種苗數的百分率表示。</p> <p> 6.2.2.2 根</p> <p> 6.2.2.2.1 主根彎曲度 主根彎曲程度或偏離垂直方向的傾斜度。</p> <p> 6.2.2.2.2 主根長度 根莖交界處至主根先端的距離。</p> <p> 6.2.2.2.3 側根數量 主根上長出的側根數。</p> <p> 6.2.2.2.4 側根分佈 側根在主根周圍伸長情況。</p> <p> 6.2.2.3 莖</p> <p> 6.2.2.3.1 莖幹節數 從地面第一對葉着生節至頂端生長點的總節數。</p> <p> 6.2.2.3.2 莖粗度 指地表以上5㎝處的莖幹直徑。</p> <p> 6.2.2.3.3 莖傾斜度 莖幹生長偏離垂直方向的傾斜度。</p> <p> 6.2.2.4 葉</p> <p> 6.2.2.4.1 真葉對數 繼子葉後種苗在分枝前長出的葉片對數。</p> <p> 6.2.2.4.2 非正常葉 受人爲、機械、自然災害、動物或病蟲危害的葉片。</p> <p> 6.2.2.5 根皮與莖皮 指根、莖的表面皮層。</p> <p> 6.2.2.6 種苗高度 根莖交界處至莖頂端的距離。</p> <p> 種苗質量指標應符合下表的要求。</p> <p> 表2 小粒種咖啡種苗的質量指標</p> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="312"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 項 目</p> </td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 指 標</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="312"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 品種純度,%</p> </td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 100</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="87"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 根</p> </td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 主根彎曲度</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 直立,不彎曲,不捲曲;</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 主根長度,cm</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≥10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 側根數量,條</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≥20</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 側根分佈</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 均勻、舒展,且佈滿根毛</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="87"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 莖</p> </td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 節數,節</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≥4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 粗度,cm</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≥0.3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 傾斜度</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 直立,不彎曲,不捲曲</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="87"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 葉</p> </td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 真葉對數,對</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≥4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="225"> <br /> 非正常葉,%</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≤10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="312"> <br /> 根皮與莖皮</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> 無干縮皺皮,無損傷</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="312"> <br /> 種苗高度,㎝</td> <td style="padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="304"> <br /> <p align="center" style="BORDER-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; BORDER-TOP: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px auto 15px; BORDER-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM: 0px"> <br /> ≥20</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> 6.2.3 檢驗方法與規則</p> <p> 6.2.3.1檢測方法</p> <p> 6.2.3.1.1 同一批苗統一檢驗。</p> <p> 6.2.3.1.2 測量粗度用遊標卡尺 ;測量長度用鋼捲尺;計算莖幹節數和葉片對數從第一對真葉着生節數起;測量根與莖的傾斜度用量角器。</p> <p> 6.2.3.1.3 檢驗結果記入附錄D中。</p> <p> 6.2.3.2 檢驗規則</p> <p> 6.2.3.2.1 檢驗種苗限在苗圃中進行。 11 DB53/T 154.2—2006</p> <p> 6.2.3.2.2 種苗出圃前生產單位應對一般病蟲害加以控制,以防蔓延。凡有檢疫對象和應控制的病蟲害須嚴格封鎖,不得外運。</p> <p> 6.2.3.2.3 種苗出圃要附有種苗標籤。</p> <p> 6.2.3.3 檢測記錄與證書</p> <p> 6.2.3.3.1 檢測記錄表 見附錄D(規範性附錄)。</p> <p> 6.2.3.3.2 證書 見附錄E(規範性附錄)。</p> <p> 6.2.3.4 標籤</p> <p> 標籤用150克的牛皮紙爲材,標籤孔用金屬包邊;標籤正面印所有項目,反面爲空白;用藍色圓珠筆或不褪色記號筆填寫標籤內容。見附錄F(規範性附錄)。</p> <p> 6.2.4 煉苗、包裝、運輸</p> <p> 6.2.4.1 煉苗</p> <p> 咖啡苗在出圃定植前半個月要拆開全部蔭棚,在自然條件下煉苗。</p> <p> 6.2.4.2 包裝</p> <p> 用塑料箱或竹籮裝。</p> <p> 6.2.4.3 運輸</p> <p> 苗木運輸要及時,注意防曬、防雨、防損傷、防丟失等,到達目的地後要及時交接,儘快定植或假植。</p> <p> 6.3 定植技術要求6.3.1 定植時間</p> <p> 最遲在立秋前定植結束,越早越好。于晴天的早、晚和陰天進行定植。</p> <p> 6.3.2 定植方法</p> <p> 6.3.2.1 用合格苗定植,並分大中小三類苗分片定植,以便分類管理。</p> <p> 6.3.2.2 袋苗定植須切掉袋底2~3公分,並拆除塑料袋。</p> <p> 6.3.2.3 開塘定植,定植時苗要定正,主根不彎曲,側根自然舒展,分層回土壓實,埋土高度與原苗莖基部位同,並略高於地面。</p> <p> 6.3.2.4 定植後應澆透定根水,並覆蓋根圈,插蔭枝。</p> <p> 6.3.3 及時補換植</p> <p> 定植後發現缺苗死苗要及時補植。當年保苗率應達98%以上。</p> <p> 6.3.4 建立園地檔案</p> <p> 建立小區檔案,記錄種植面積、品種、株數、定植時間、管理措施、管理人員、產量、病蟲害及自然災害等。</p> <p> 7 咖啡園土壤管理 7.1 園地中耕除草 7.1.1 幼齡咖啡園</p> <p> 每年耕鋤4~5次,結合壓青、施肥進行,雨季末中耕一次,深度爲10㎝~15㎝。</p> <p> 7.1.2 投產咖啡園</p> <p> 7.1.2.1 根據園地土壤板結和雜草生長情況確定各年中耕除草次數,以不發生危害爲度。</p> <p> 7.1.2.2 每年五月份進行1次深翻改土工作,翻土深25~30公分,不傷及主根及主幹。深翻改土結合平整檯面進行。</p> <p> 7.2 水分管理 7.2.1 覆蓋</p> <p> 7.2.1.1 死覆蓋</p> <p> 宜用稻草、甘蔗葉、玉米杆等植物桔杆或塑料薄膜覆蓋根圈或種植帶,覆蓋物須離莖基10㎝,覆蓋厚度爲5㎝,覆蓋後壓土;定植後1~2年內或老樹更幹當年,雨季結束後的10月下旬結合中耕進行。</p> <p> 7.2.1.2 活覆蓋</p> <p> 梯地外緣點播花生、黃豆、小飯豆,保護帶種豬屎豆、三毛豆、白花灰葉豆及光葉紫花苕等植物,並加強對活覆蓋物的管理,以免影響咖啡生長。</p> <p> DB53/T 154.2—2006</p> <p> 7.2.2 灌溉</p> <p> 7.2.2.1 灌水期</p> <p> 開花期、幼果期、雨季中較長的間隙性乾旱期需灌水。</p> <p> 7.2.2.2 灌溉方法</p> <p> 有溝灌、澆灌、噴灌或滴灌等。</p> <p> 7.2.2.3 灌溉水質</p> <p> 應符合NY 5023 無公害食品 熱帶水果產地壞境條件中的灌溉水質量要求。</p> <p> 7.2.2.4 灌溉指標</p> <p> 當園地土壤含水量低於18%時需灌水,灌水量以滲透土層深度20~30㎝爲宜。</p> <p> 7.2.3 檯面內傾 保持咖啡園檯面內傾3~5度,既有利於咖啡園地保水保肥保土,又有利於排澇。</p> <p> 7.3 土壤培肥 7.3.1 綠肥壓青</p> <p> 結合每年5月份的深翻改土,用園外和保護帶上的綠肥結合農家肥加磷肥進行壓青施肥。壓青材料必須是非咖啡病蟲害寄主,磷肥、農家肥必須符合標準要求。</p> <p> 7.3.2 間、套種固氮樹種</p> <p> 在臺面和保護帶上間套種小飯豆、豬屎豆、黃豆、花生及光葉紫花苕等固氮樹種,增加土壤有機質及氮肥。</p> <p> 7.3.3 保護和培養有益於土壤疏鬆肥沃的有益生物培肥土壤。</p> <p> 7.3.4 土壤施肥 7.3.4.1 施肥原則</p> <p> 7.3.4.1.1 採用平衡施肥和營養診斷施肥方法。</p> <p> 7.3.4.1.2 幼齡樹以氮、磷肥爲主;投產樹以氮、鉀爲主,適當配施磷和其他微量元素。</p> <p> 7.3.4.1.3 按NY/T394 綠色食品 肥料使用準則中生產A級綠色食品肥料使用準則的規定執行。</p> <p> 7.3.4.2 施肥時間、方法及施用量</p> <p> 7.3.4.2.1 定植當年幼樹</p> <p> 植後1個月施第一次肥,用清糞水或漚制的水肥澆施,每次每株1~2千克距離10~15釐米處環狀溝施後蓋土。或施尿素20克/株次。以後每半月至1個月施1次,於10月中下旬施當年的最後1次肥,每株施N9.20克、P2O59.00克、K2O5.00克、油枯50克,並覆蓋。</p> <p> 7.3.4.2.2 植後第二年幼樹</p> <p> 年施肥3~4次:2月:每株施N11.50克、P2O510.80克、K2O5.00克,能否施下視當年的氣溫和水溼條件而定; 5月:每株施N13.80克、P2O512.60克、K2O7.50克;7月:每株施N16.10克、K2O7.50克;9月或10月:每株施N18.40克、P2O518.00克、K2O10.00克、油枯70克,環狀溝施後蓋土。</p> <p> 7.3.4.2.3 試產樹</p> <p> 年施肥4次:2月(攻花肥),每株施N20.70克、P2O59.00克、K2O15.00克、油枯80克;5月(保果肥),每株施N23.00克、P2O59.00克、K2O20.00克;7月(壯果肥),每株施N23.00克、K2O25.00克;9月(催熟養樹肥),每株施N23.00克、P2O59.00克、K2O25.00克。</p> <p> 7.3.4.2.4 投產樹</p> <p> 年施肥時間、次數與試產樹相同,所需元素及用量應根據測葉測土和測產來進行調整。分析證明:單株產幹豆0.5kg,將從土壤中吸收N35g、P2O57g克、K2O38g。</p> <p> 8 咖啡樹管理 8.1 單幹整型去頂控高 8.1.1 去頂目的</p> <p> 去頂控高,促一分枝粗壯生長作骨架,二、三分枝爲主要結果枝爲目的。</p> <p> 8.1.2 去頂方法</p> <p> 第一次在株高120釐米左右進行,第二次在株高180釐米左右去頂,最終株高控制在2米左右。每次去頂剪去主幹頂端1~2節嫩梢,待其抽出直生枝後選留粗壯的一條作主幹的延續,其餘修除。第二次留直生枝的方位與第一次相反。屬矮杆型品種不用摘頂控高。</p> <p> 13</p> <p> DB53/T 154.2—2006</p> <p> 8.1.3 去頂時間 立春後進行。 8.2 修枝抹芽 8.2.1 修枝 病蟲枝、纖弱枝、徒長枝、直生枝要及時修除,枯枝、下垂枝、衷老枝待果實採收結束半月後再行修除。</p> <p> 8.2.2 去腋芽 每年氣溫回升後萌生大量腋芽長成分枝,一般每條一分枝上離主幹10釐米外均衡保留3~5條水平錯生的二分枝,每條二分枝上保留2~3條水平錯生的三分枝,其餘及時修除,使枝條分佈均勻,橫可以看到鄰株、豎可以看到地面,利於通風透光。 8.3 枯枝樹改造 8.3.1 改造方法和時間</p> <p> 於3月前進行。對主幹和分枝大部分枯死的樹,在離地20釐米高處切幹;對中部枯枝重、上下部仍有結果能力的樹,只剪除枯枝,從下部培養直生枝作新主幹;對中部以上枯枝枯梢的樹,在最下一對枯枝的節下切去主幹,保留下層枝作當年結果枝,並在切口下第二層完好枝條的節下選留直生枝作新主幹。</p> <p> 8.3.2 輔助措施</p> <p> 8.3.2.1 切口呈馬蹄形,斜面向東北(西南高、東北低)並塗石蠟。</p> <p> 8.3.2.2 加強水肥管理,及時選留直生枝,培養新樹型,使之迅速恢復結實能力。</p> <p> 8.4 老咖啡園更新 8.4.1 更新標準</p> <p> 年畝產幹豆低於40千克,植株保存率不到60%,無切幹復壯能力的老咖啡園需進行更新。</p> <p> 8.4.2 更新措施</p> <p> 8.4.2.1 重新整理檯面,挖溝定植,全面消毒殺菌;</p> <p> 8.4.2.2 將老樹根全部清除。</p> <p> 8.5 霜凍咖啡樹處理 8.5.1 霜凍咖啡樹症狀表現</p> <p> 霜凍災害使得咖啡樹組織細胞間間隙水結冰,體細胞破裂。首先葉片表現出缺水症狀、繼而葉片枯黃、自葉柄處脫落。無葉的枝、幹受害部份失去汁液,韌皮部失綠變黑,木質部幹腐。受災1個多月後主幹上的症狀纔會明顯,切幹不可操之過急,以免造成重複處理。</p> <p> 8.5.2 霜凍咖啡樹處理辦法</p> <p> 8.5.2.1 待症狀明確後進行修剪和鋸杆,在受害部位下端切去健壯主幹2~3釐米;</p> <p> 8.5.2.2 鋸幹切口呈45度角,斜面向東北(西南高、東北低),且用石蠟+松香(石蠟的1/4)熔化後塗切口,以堵塞導管防止水分蒸發和切口不受病源侵染;</p> <p> 8.5.2.3 對切幹咖啡園進行深翻改土,加強水肥管理和防旱工作;</p> <p> 8.5.2.4 對輕微受害樹則進行葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀+1%尿素,以恢復樹勢和提高咖啡樹的抗寒能力;</p> <p> 8.5.2.5 在凍害來臨前,除噴施鉀肥以外,還應進行薰煙、覆蓋、根部堆土等措施進行防寒。</p> <p> 8.6 咖啡樹葉面施肥 8.6.1 生長輔助類葉面肥</p> <p> 高美施、氨基酸、海藻肥等。</p> <p> 8.6.2 微量元素肥料</p> <p> 含有銅、鐵、鋅、鎂、硼、鉬等微量元素的肥料。</p> <p> 8.7 咖啡樹病蟲害防治 8.7.1 咖啡樹主要病蟲害</p> <p> 8.7.1.1 主要病害</p> <p> 咖啡病害主要有炭疽病、褐斑病、鐮刀菌病、幼苗立枯病、枝梢回枯病、葉鏽病等。</p> <p> DB53/T 154.2—2006 8.7.1.2 主要蟲害</p> <p> 有咖啡旋皮天牛、咖啡滅字虎天牛、咖啡蚧殼蟲類、咖啡根結線蟲、咖啡木蠹蛾、大頭蟋蟀、地老虎等。</p> <p> 8.7.2 防治原則</p> <p> 貫徹“預防爲主、綜合防治”的方針,落實“見害蟲就捉、見病枝就剪除”的原則,以改善咖啡園生態壞境、加強栽培管理爲基礎,綜合應用各種措施對病蟲害進行防治。</p> <p> 8.7.3 防治方法</p> <p> 8.7.3.1 農業防治</p> <p> 8.7.3.1.1 因地制宜選用抗病優良品種。</p> <p> 8.7.3.1.2 及時中耕除草,科學施肥、灌溉提高植株抗病能力。</p> <p> 8.7.3.1.3 及時剪除病蟲弱枝,修枝整型,保持咖啡園田間衛生,清除咖啡園內外病蟲野生寄主,減少病蟲害浸染來源。</p> <p> 8.7.3.1.4 合理間種其他經濟作物,營造咖啡生態適生壞境。</p> <p> 8.7.3.2 物理機械防治</p> <p> 8.7.3.2.1 採用人工或工具捕殺咖啡天牛等成蟲。</p> <p> 8.7.3.2.2 颳去主幹及枝條木栓化糙皮,破壞產卵場所,減輕危害。</p> <p> 8.7.3.3 生物防治</p> <p> 8.7.3.3.1 創造有利於害蟲天敵繁衍的生態環境,咖啡園周圍保留或種植水源林、生態林。</p> <p> 8.7.3.3.2 收集、引進、繁殖、釋放咖啡害蟲天敵。</p> <p> 8.7.3.4 藥劑防治</p> <p> 8.7.3.4.1 農藥使用準則 按NY/T 393 綠色食品 農藥使用準則中生產A級綠色食品農藥使用準則的規定執行。</p> <p> 8.7.3.4.2 宜使用的生物源殺蟲殺菌劑、礦物源殺蟲殺菌劑及低毒低殘留有機合成農藥,以國家頒佈允許使用在無公害食品原料生產中的農藥爲準。</p> <p> 8.8 及時採果 8.8.1 果實成熟標誌</p> <p> 按DB53/T 154.3一2006 小粒種咖啡 鮮果的規定進行。</p> <p> 8.8.2 採收方法</p> <p> 按DB53/T 154.3一2006 小粒種咖啡 鮮果的規定進行。</p> <p> 8.8.3 成熟果實分級標準 按DB53/T 154.3一2006 小粒種咖啡 鮮果的規定進行。</p> <p> 8.8.4 包裝、運輸和存貯</p> <p> 8.8.4.1 包裝 用牢固、潔淨、無毒、無異味、完好無損的國標麻袋或竹籮裝咖啡鮮果。</p> <p> 8.8.4.2 運輸 人工搬運或車輛。運輸車輛車箱必須潔淨、無毒、無異味。</p> <p> 8.8.4.3 存貯 鮮果可在水中或潔淨、通風、無光照的地板上暫貯,但無論何種方法存貯都不得超過2天。</p> <p> 8.8.5 加工</p> <p> 按DB53/T 154.4一2006 小粒種咖啡初加工技術規範的規定進行。加工用水必須符合綠色食品加工用水的質量要求,見附錄G(規範性附錄)。</p> ' |
tag | '咖啡知識,精品咖啡學,小粒咖啡,咖啡栽培' |
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urlrule | '/views-18265-[page].html' |
fix_html_now_url | '' |
my_web_url | 'https://gafei.com/views-18265' |
get | array ( 's' => 'article', 'c' => 'show', 'id' => '18265', 'm' => 'index', ) |
App.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/App.php |
Autoload.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Autoload.php |
Cache.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Cache.php |
Cache.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Cache.php |
CodeIgniter.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Extend/CodeIgniter.php |
Constants.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Constants.php |
Content.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Model/Content.php |
ContentSecurityPolicy.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/ContentSecurityPolicy.php |
Cookie.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Cookie.php |
Database.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Database.php |
Date.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Date.php |
Exceptions.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Exceptions.php |
Exceptions.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Extend/Exceptions.php |
Field.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Field.php |
File.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/File.php |
Filters.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Filters.php |
Helper.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Helper.php |
Hooks.php | FCPATH/App/Bdts/Config/Hooks.php |
Hooks.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Hooks.php |
Init.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Init.php |
Input.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Input.php |
Kint.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Kint.php |
Lang.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Lang.php |
Logger.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Logger.php |
Member.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Model/Member.php |
Model.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Model.php |
Module.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Extend/Home/Module.php |
Modules.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Modules.php |
Paths.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Paths.php |
Phpcmf.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Phpcmf.php |
Request.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Extend/Request.php |
Router.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Router.php |
Router.php | FCPATH/My/Library/Router.php |
Routes.php | APPPATH/Config/Routes.php |
Routes.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Routes.php |
Security.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Security.php |
Seo.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Seo.php |
Service.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Service.php |
Services.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Services.php |
Show.php | APPPATH/Controllers/Show.php |
Text.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Text.php |
Textarea.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Textarea.php |
Toolbar.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/Toolbar.php |
Ueditor.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Ueditor.php |
UserAgents.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/UserAgents.php |
Version.php | FCPATH/My/Config/Version.php |
View.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Config/View.php |
View.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/View.php |
View.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Extend/View.php |
_data_web_hk.gafei.com_xunruicms_template_pc_hk_gafei_home_new_recommend_1.htm.cache.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/template/_data_web_hk.gafei.com_xunruicms_template_pc_hk_gafei_home_new_recommend_1.htm.cache.php |
_data_web_hk.gafei.com_xunruicms_template_pc_hk_gafei_home_new_recommend_2.htm.cache.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/template/_data_web_hk.gafei.com_xunruicms_template_pc_hk_gafei_home_new_recommend_2.htm.cache.php |
_data_web_hk.gafei.com_xunruicms_template_pc_hk_gafei_home_show.html.cache.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/template/_data_web_hk.gafei.com_xunruicms_template_pc_hk_gafei_home_show.html.cache.php |
cache.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/config/cache.php |
custom.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/config/custom.php |
database.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/config/database.php |
domain_app.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/config/domain_app.php |
domain_client.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/config/domain_client.php |
hooks.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/config/hooks.php |
index.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/hk/index.php |
lang.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/hk/api/language/zh-cn/lang.php |
memcached.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/config/memcached.php |
redis.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/config/redis.php |
rewrite.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/config/rewrite.php |
site.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/config/site.php |
system.php | /data/web/hk.gafei.com/xunruicms/cache/config/system.php |
AutoloadConfig.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/AutoloadConfig.php |
Autoloader.php | SYSTEMPATH/Autoloader/Autoloader.php |
BaseBuilder.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/BaseBuilder.php |
BaseCollector.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/BaseCollector.php |
BaseConfig.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/BaseConfig.php |
BaseConnection.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/BaseConnection.php |
BaseHandler.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php |
BaseResult.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/BaseResult.php |
BaseService.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/BaseService.php |
Builder.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php |
CacheFactory.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cache/CacheFactory.php |
CacheInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cache/CacheInterface.php |
CliRenderer.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php |
CloneableCookieInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cookie/CloneableCookieInterface.php |
CodeIgniter.php | SYSTEMPATH/CodeIgniter.php |
Common.php | SYSTEMPATH/Common.php |
Config.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/Config.php |
Config.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/Config.php |
Connection.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php |
ConnectionInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/ConnectionInterface.php |
ContentSecurityPolicy.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php |
Controller.php | SYSTEMPATH/Controller.php |
Cookie.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cookie/Cookie.php |
CookieInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cookie/CookieInterface.php |
CookieStore.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cookie/CookieStore.php |
Database.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/Database.php |
Database.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php |
DebugToolbar.php | SYSTEMPATH/Filters/DebugToolbar.php |
DotEnv.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/DotEnv.php |
Escaper.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Escaper/Escaper.php |
Events.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Events.php |
Events.php | SYSTEMPATH/Events/Events.php |
Exceptions.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Exceptions.php |
Factories.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/Factories.php |
Factory.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/Factory.php |
FileLocator.php | SYSTEMPATH/Autoloader/FileLocator.php |
Files.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php |
FilterInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Filters/FilterInterface.php |
Filters.php | SYSTEMPATH/Filters/Filters.php |
Header.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/Header.php |
IncomingRequest.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php |
Kint.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php |
Logger.php | SYSTEMPATH/Log/Logger.php |
LoggerInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerInterface.php |
Logs.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php |
Message.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/Message.php |
MessageInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/MessageInterface.php |
MessageTrait.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/MessageTrait.php |
Modules.php | SYSTEMPATH/Modules/Modules.php |
Query.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/Query.php |
QueryInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/QueryInterface.php |
RedisHandler.php | SYSTEMPATH/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php |
Renderer.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Renderer.php |
RendererInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/View/RendererInterface.php |
Request.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/Request.php |
RequestInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/RequestInterface.php |
RequestTrait.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/RequestTrait.php |
Response.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/Response.php |
ResponseInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php |
ResponseTrait.php | SYSTEMPATH/API/ResponseTrait.php |
ResponseTrait.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php |
Result.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/MySQLi/Result.php |
ResultInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Database/ResultInterface.php |
RichRenderer.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php |
RouteCollection.php | SYSTEMPATH/Router/RouteCollection.php |
RouteCollectionInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php |
Router.php | SYSTEMPATH/Router/Router.php |
RouterInterface.php | SYSTEMPATH/Router/RouterInterface.php |
Routes.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/Routes.php |
Routes.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php |
Services.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/Services.php |
TextRenderer.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php |
Timer.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Timer.php |
Timers.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Timers.php |
Toolbar.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar.php |
URI.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/URI.php |
UserAgent.php | SYSTEMPATH/HTTP/UserAgent.php |
Utils.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php |
View.php | SYSTEMPATH/Config/View.php |
View.php | SYSTEMPATH/View/View.php |
Views.php | SYSTEMPATH/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php |
init.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php |
init_helpers.php | SYSTEMPATH/ThirdParty/Kint/init_helpers.php |
url_helper.php | SYSTEMPATH/Helpers/url_helper.php |
Directory: | |
Controller: | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show |
Method: | index |
Params: | 0 / 0 |
Method | Route | Handler |
---|---|---|
GET | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
HEAD | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
POST | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
PUT | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
DELETE | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
OPTIONS | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
TRACE | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
CONNECT | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
CLI | migrations/([^/]+)/([^/]+) | \CodeIgniter\Commands\MigrationsCommand::$1/$2 |
CLI | migrations/([^/]+) | \CodeIgniter\Commands\MigrationsCommand::$1 |
CLI | migrations | \CodeIgniter\Commands\MigrationsCommand::index |
CLI | ci(.*) | \CodeIgniter\CLI\CommandRunner::index/$1 |
CLI | / | \Phpcmf\Controllers\Show::index |
Time | Event Name | Times Called |
---|---|---|
77.40 ms | pre_system | 1 |
0.20 ms | dbquery | 9 |
Action | Datetime | Status | Method | URL | Content-Type | Is AJAX? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2025-04-22 11:52:46 | 200 | GET | https://gf.coffeecdn.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:45 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:43 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:41 | 200 | GET | https://bak.gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:35 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:31 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:25 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:22 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:21 | 200 | GET | https://cheam.gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:20 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:16 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:04 | 200 | GET | https://www.php168.gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:52:01 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:53 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:51 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:48 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:43 | 200 | GET | https://charcot.gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:42 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:36 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-04-22 11:51:33 | 200 | GET | https://gafei.com/index.php/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No |
Session doesn't seem to be active.
s | article |
c | show |
id | 18265 |
m | index |
Priority | u=0, i |
Accept-Encoding | gzip, deflate, br, zstd |
Sec-Fetch-Dest | document |
Sec-Fetch-User | ?1 |
Sec-Fetch-Mode | navigate |
Sec-Fetch-Site | none |
Accept | text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7 |
User-Agent | Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com) |
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests | 1 |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform | "Windows" |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile | ?0 |
Sec-Ch-Ua | "HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129" |
Cache-Control | no-cache |
Pragma | no-cache |
Host | gafei.com |
Priority | u=0, i |
Accept-Encoding | gzip, deflate, br, zstd |
Sec-Fetch-Dest | document |
Sec-Fetch-User | ?1 |
Sec-Fetch-Mode | navigate |
Sec-Fetch-Site | none |
Accept | text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7 |
User-Agent | Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com) |
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests | 1 |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform | "Windows" |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile | ?0 |
Sec-Ch-Ua | "HeadlessChrome";v="129", "Not=A?Brand";v="8", "Chromium";v="129" |
Cache-Control | no-cache |
Pragma | no-cache |
Host | gafei.com |
CodeIgniter Version: | 4.1.4 |
PHP Version: | 8.0.25 |
PHP SAPI: | fpm-fcgi |
Environment: | development |
Base URL: | https://gafei.com/ |
Timezone: | PRC |
Locale: | en |
Content Security Policy Enabled: | No |